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Articulation
Articulation is the placement of oral mechanisms for the production of speech sounds or phonemes. The following pages can be utilized to facilitate production and progress for specific sounds commonly misarticulated.
How to Produce the /s/ Sound
1. Swallow
2. Smile
3. Teeth together but do not clench
4. Tongue should be behind teeth
5. Air out the middle
Think of the tongue as a snake and keep it behind the gate (teeth).
The phoneme /z/ is produced exactly like the phoneme /s/ but you must turn on the motor in your throat (vocal fold vibration).
Syllable /s/ Production
Say the sound and add the vowel (initial position)
S------------------------------------------------------------A
S------------------------------------------------------------E
S------------------------------------------------------------I
S------------------------------------------------------------O
S-----------------------------------------------------------------------UPractice producing words that begin with the phoneme /s/.
sun, soup, soap, silly, sad, sing, sail, sit, sat
Practice producing the sound at the end of syllables (final position).
A------------------------------------------------------------S
E------------------------------------------------------------S
I-------------------------------------------------------------S
O------------------------------------------------------------S
U------------------------------------------------------------S
Practice producing words that end with the phoneme /s/.
lass, case, bus, mice, grass, juice, mouse, face
Practice producing the phoneme /s/ in the middle of words.
A--------------------------S--------------------------------A
E--------------------------S--------------------------------E
I---------------------------S--------------------------------I
O--------------------------S--------------------------------O
U--------------------------S--------------------------------U
Practice producing words with the phoneme /s/ in the middle of words.
lesson, racer, missing, dancer, beside, baseball
Practice creating sentences with the target words.
How to Produce the /l/ Sound1. Put the tip of the tongue on the tickle spot (area behind the upper central teeth)
2. Use voice and allow the air stream to escape laterally
3. At the end of the sound drop the tongue
4. The mouth should be in an open position and the lower jaw should not move as the tongue drops
This is the singing sound la-la-la-la-la
Syllable /l/ Production
Say the sound and add the vowel (initial position)
l------------------------------------------------------------A
l------------------------------------------------------------E
l------------------------------------------------------------I
l------------------------------------------------------------O
l------------------------------------------------------------U
Practice producing words that begin with the phoneme /l/.
Lemon love letter lake luck look live laugh leaf lion little
Practice producing the sound at the end of syllables (final position).
A------------------------------------------------------------l
E------------------------------------------------------------l
I-------------------------------------------------------------l
O------------------------------------------------------------l
U------------------------------------------------------------l
Practice producing words that end with the phoneme /l/.
Ball mile wheel sail sell meal doll bell feel camel dial nail
Practice producing the phoneme /l/ in the middle of words.
A--------------------------l-------------------------------A
E--------------------------l--------------------------------E
I---------------------------l--------------------------------I
O--------------------------l--------------------------------O
U--------------------------l-------------------------------U
Practice producing words with the phoneme /l/ in the middle of words.
Color yellow hello follow village lollipop bowling sailing
Practice creating sentences with the target words.
How to Produce the /r/ Sound
1. Pull back tongue and hump it in the middle while lifting the tip slightly.
(Refer to the tongue as the bear and the palate as the cave and tell the student to place the bear in the cave).
2. Sometimes it is helpful to say /e/ as you pull the tongue back and upinto the arch of the hard palate or roof of the mouth.
3. Too often children substitute the /w/ sound for /r/ and correction onlyrequires that the child smile while producing the phoneme /r/.
4. This phoneme can also be referred to as the growling dog sound r-r-r-r-r.
Syllable /r/ Production
Say the sound and add the vowel (initial position)
r------------------------------------------------------------A
r------------------------------------------------------------E
r------------------------------------------------------------I
r------------------------------------------------------------O
r------------------------------------------------------------U
Practice producing words that begin with the phoneme /r/.
red rabbit ring round round road
room robot ready race
Practice producing the sound (r) at the end of syllables (final position).
A------------------------------------------------------------r
E------------------------------------------------------------r
I-------------------------------------------------------------r
O------------------------------------------------------------r
U------------------------------------------------------------r
Practice producing words that end with the phoneme /r/.
Chair car ear four tire higher more
Father mother hear far deer near
Practice producing the phoneme /r/ in the middle of words.
A--------------------------r-------------------------------A
E--------------------------r--------------------------------E
I---------------------------r--------------------------------I
O--------------------------r--------------------------------O
U--------------------------r--------------------------------U
Practice producing words with the phoneme /r/ in the middle of words.
Hurry mirror bury horror oral
Siren wearing January carrots chorus
Practice creating sentences with the target words.
Medial and final /r/ phonemes are more difficult because they are usually vocalic r’s. A vocalic /r/ is preceded by different vowels which requires movement from the vowel to the /r/ phoneme so quickly that itis almost produced simultaneously. Errors occur because the student is not elevating the tongue; therefore, producing a schwa vowel, e.g.,bird becomes bud. Further, practice should include exercise for pulling the tongue back (putting the bear in the cave). Smiling facilitates production of rounding is occurring.
How to Produce the /th/ Sound1. /th/ unvoiced- a. protrude the tongue slightly between teeth
- b. blow air over the tongue
This sound can be called a tongue cooler because the air flows over the tongue. An example of this sound is in the word “thing”
2. /th/ voicedRepeat procedures a and b.
Add vocal fold vibration(children understand this when it is referred to as turning on the motor in the throat.
An example of this sound is in the word “that”.
The picture represents the position of the tongue and the teeth.
Syllable /th/ Production
Say the sound and add the vowel (initial position)
th------------------------------------------------------------A
th------------------------------------------------------------E
th------------------------------------------------------------I
th------------------------------------------------------------O
th------------------------------------------------------------U
Practice producing words that begin with the unvoiced /th/
Practice producing words that begin with the voiced /th/
Practice producing the sound at the end of syllables (final position). Voiced and unvoiced
A------------------------------------------------------------th
E------------------------------------------------------------th
I-------------------------------------------------------------th
O------------------------------------------------------------th
U------------------------------------------------------------th
Practice producing words that end with the phoneme /th/. Voiced and unvoiced
Practice producing the unvoiced and voiced /th/ in the middle of words.
A--------------------------th-------------------------------A
E--------------------------th--------------------------------E
I---------------------------th--------------------------------I
O--------------------------th--------------------------------O
U--------------------------th--------------------------------U
Practice producing words with the voiced and voiced /th/ in the middle of words.
Practice creating sentences with the target words using /th/.
How to Produce the /sh/ Sound
1. Elevate tongue tip toward the hard palate
2. Allow sides of tongue to touch the sides of the back teeth
3. Extend the lips slightly
4. Blow air over the tip of the tongue causing friction (noisy air)
This is the “Quiet, the baby is sleeping” sound.
Syllable /sh/ Production
Say the sound and add the vowel (initial position)
sh------------------------------------------------------------A
sh------------------------------------------------------------E
sh------------------------------------------------------------I
sh------------------------------------------------------------O
sh------------------------------------------------------------U
Practice producing words that begin with the phoneme /sh/.
Shoe shore shop show short she sheet
Shine should shell shake shiver sharp
Practice producing the sound at the end of syllables (final position).
A------------------------------------------------------------sh
E------------------------------------------------------------sh
I-------------------------------------------------------------sh
O------------------------------------------------------------sh
U------------------------------------------------------------sh
Practice producing words that end with the phoneme /sh/.
Fish wash finish English mash
Smash push wish cash foolish
Practice producing the phoneme /sh/ in the middle of words.
A--------------------------sh-------------------------------A
E--------------------------sh-------------------------------E
I---------------------------sh-------------------------------I
O--------------------------sh-------------------------------O
U--------------------------sh-------------------------------U
Practice producing words with the phoneme /sh/ in the middle of words.
Dishes Washington machine nation special
Ocean fishing attention ashes addition delicious
Practice creating sentences with the target words.
How to Produce the /ch/ Sound
The /ch/ sound is produced by placing the tongue tp against the tickle spot (area behind top teeth). Build up air and release it explosively as the tongue moves back. It is almost as if you are saying /t/ and adding /sh/.
This sound is often referred to as the sneezing sound or compared to the sound of a train (choo-choo).
*Remember to drop tongue (/t/ to /sh/)
Syllable /ch/ Production
Say the sound and add the vowel (initial position)
ch------------------------------------------------------------A
ch-----------------------------------------------------------E
ch------------------------------------------------------------I
ch------------------------------------------------------------O
ch------------------------------------------------------------U
Practice producing words that begin with the phoneme /ch/.
Chair children chest charm chew chip cheer chop chain chicken
Practice producing the sound at the end of syllables (final position).
A------------------------------------------------------------ch
E------------------------------------------------------------ch
I-------------------------------------------------------------ch
O------------------------------------------------------------ch
U------------------------------------------------------------ch
Practice producing words that end with the phoneme /ch/.
Much catch sandwich speech itch hutch notch reach march touch
Practice producing the phoneme /ch/ in the middle of words.
A--------------------------ch-------------------------------A
E--------------------------ch-------------------------------E
I---------------------------ch-------------------------------I
O--------------------------ch-------------------------------O
U--------------------------ch-------------------------------U
Practice producing words with the phoneme /ch/ in the middle of words.
Teacher kitchen pitching catcher watcher potato chip
Peaches richer patchworkPractice creating sentences with the target words.
Games for Isolated Words
- Any Board Game (The student must approximate the sound before he/she can move on the Board Game).
- Concentration-use target words.
- Create a Bingo Game with all the target words.
- Rhyming Games (If you are working on /s/ in the initial position of words you may ask, “What rhymes with hat and starts with /s/?)
- Gold Fish with the target sound and words.
Activities for Phrases and Sentences
- Tongue Twisters
- Board Games (Have the student create a sentence using the target word before moving on the board).
- Concentration (If the student finds a pair he/she must use the word in a sentence).
- Create sentences with Bingo words
- Tell a story and allow the child to complete the story with a sentence using the target word.
- Read a poem or a story together out loud.
