• mouth

                                                                               Articulation


                                              

     Articulation is the placement of oral mechanisms for the production of speech sounds or phonemes.  The following pages can be utilized to facilitate production and progress for specific sounds commonly misarticulated. 

     
     
                                                 mouth                                                             
           mouth                                                                  

                                                                 

                   

                                                     How to Produce the /s/ Sound

     

     1.    Swallow

     2.    Smile

     3.    Teeth together but do not clench

     4.    Tongue should be behind teeth

     5.    Air out the middle

     

    Think of the tongue as a snake and keep it behind the gate (teeth).

    The phoneme /z/ is produced exactly like the phoneme /s/ but you must turn on the motor in your throat (vocal fold vibration).

                                                                        

                                                                    s                                                                           s  

     

                                                             

     

     

     

    Syllable /s/ Production

     

    Say the sound and add the vowel (initial position)

     

    S------------------------------------------------------------A

     

    S------------------------------------------------------------E

     

    S------------------------------------------------------------I

     

    S------------------------------------------------------------O

     

    S-----------------------------------------------------------------------U

     

     

    Practice producing words that begin with the phoneme /s/.

     

                                   sun, soup, soap, silly, sad, sing, sail, sit, sat

     

    Practice producing the sound at the end of syllables (final position).

     

    A------------------------------------------------------------S

     

    E------------------------------------------------------------S

     

    I-------------------------------------------------------------S

     

    O------------------------------------------------------------S

     

    U------------------------------------------------------------S

     

     

    Practice producing words that end with the phoneme /s/.

                                lass, case, bus, mice, grass, juice, mouse, face

     

    Practice producing the phoneme /s/ in the middle of words.

     

     A--------------------------S--------------------------------A

     

     E--------------------------S--------------------------------E

     

     I---------------------------S--------------------------------I

     

     O--------------------------S--------------------------------O

     

     U--------------------------S--------------------------------U

     

     Practice producing words with the phoneme /s/ in the middle of words.

     

                                           lesson, racer, missing, dancer, beside, baseball

     

    Practice creating sentences with the target words.

     

     

                                                                  How to Produce the /l/ Sound

    1.    Put the tip of the tongue on the tickle spot (area behind the upper central teeth)

    2.    Use voice and allow the air stream to escape laterally

    3.    At the end of the sound drop the tongue

    4.    The mouth should be in an open position and the lower jaw should not move as the tongue drops

    This is the singing sound la-la-la-la-la

                                                                               l L L

     

     Syllable /l/ Production

     

    Say the sound and add the vowel (initial position)

     

    l------------------------------------------------------------A

     

    l------------------------------------------------------------E

     

    l------------------------------------------------------------I

     

    l------------------------------------------------------------O

     

    l------------------------------------------------------------U

     

    Practice producing words that begin with the phoneme /l/.

     

                         Lemon  love  letter  lake  luck  look  live  laugh  leaf  lion  little

     

     

     

    Practice producing the sound at the end of syllables (final position).

     

    A------------------------------------------------------------l

     

    E------------------------------------------------------------l

     

    I-------------------------------------------------------------l

     

    O------------------------------------------------------------l

     

    U------------------------------------------------------------l

     

    Practice producing words that end with the phoneme /l/.

     

                             Ball mile wheel sail sell meal doll bell feel camel dial nail

     

     Practice producing the phoneme /l/ in the middle of words.

     

    A--------------------------l-------------------------------A

     

    E--------------------------l--------------------------------E

     

    I---------------------------l--------------------------------I

     

    O--------------------------l--------------------------------O

     

    U--------------------------l-------------------------------U

     

    Practice producing words with the phoneme /l/ in the middle of words.

     

                      Color  yellow  hello  follow  village  lollipop  bowling  sailing

     

    Practice creating sentences with the target words.

     

                                                            How to Produce the /r/ Sound

     

     1.    Pull back tongue and hump it in the middle while lifting the tip slightly.

    (Refer to the tongue as the bear and the palate as the cave and tell the student to place the bear in the cave).

    2.   Sometimes it is helpful to say /e/ as you pull the tongue back and upinto the arch of the hard palate or roof of the mouth.

    3.   Too often children substitute the /w/ sound for /r/ and correction onlyrequires that the child smile while producing the phoneme /r/.

    4.    This phoneme can also be referred to as the growling dog sound r-r-r-r-r.

     

                                                 r

                                                     

     

     Syllable /r/ Production

     Say the sound and add the vowel (initial position)

     

    r------------------------------------------------------------A

    r------------------------------------------------------------E

    r------------------------------------------------------------I

    r------------------------------------------------------------O

    r------------------------------------------------------------U

     

    Practice producing words that begin with the phoneme /r/.

                                red    rabbit   ring   round   round   road

                                         room  robot  ready  race 

     

    Practice producing the sound (r) at the end of syllables (final position).

     

    A------------------------------------------------------------r

     

    E------------------------------------------------------------r

     

    I-------------------------------------------------------------r

     

    O------------------------------------------------------------r

     

    U------------------------------------------------------------r

     

    Practice producing words that end with the phoneme /r/.

                                     Chair  car  ear  four  tire  higher  more

                                      Father  mother  hear  far  deer   near

     

    Practice producing the phoneme /r/ in the middle of words.

    A--------------------------r-------------------------------A

     

    E--------------------------r--------------------------------E

     

    I---------------------------r--------------------------------I

     

    O--------------------------r--------------------------------O

     

    U--------------------------r--------------------------------U

     

    Practice producing words with the phoneme /r/ in the middle of words.

                                                       Hurry  mirror  bury  horror  oral

                                                Siren  wearing  January  carrots  chorus

     

    Practice creating sentences with the target words.

    Medial and final /r/ phonemes are more difficult because they are usually vocalic r’s.  A vocalic /r/ is preceded by different vowels which requires movement from the vowel to the /r/ phoneme so quickly that itis almost produced simultaneously.  Errors occur because the student is not elevating the tongue; therefore, producing a schwa vowel, e.g.,bird becomes bud.  Further, practice should include exercise for pulling the tongue back (putting the bear in the cave).  Smiling facilitates production of rounding is occurring.

     

     
     
                                How to Produce the /th/ Sound                                           
    1. /th/ unvoiced
    1. a. protrude the tongue slightly between teeth
    2. b. blow air over the tongue

    This sound can be called a tongue cooler because the air flows over the tongue.  An example of this sound is in the word “thing”  

     
    2. /th/ voiced

    Repeat procedures a and b.

    Add vocal fold vibration(children understand this when it is referred to as turning on the motor in the throat.

    An example of this sound is in the word “that”.


    The picture represents the position of the tongue and the teeth. 


                                                             th      



         Syllable /th/ Production


    Say the sound and add the vowel (initial position)


    th------------------------------------------------------------A

     

    th------------------------------------------------------------E

     

    th------------------------------------------------------------I

     

    th------------------------------------------------------------O

     

    th------------------------------------------------------------U


    Practice producing words that begin with the unvoiced /th/


    Practice producing words that begin with the voiced /th/


    Practice producing the sound at the end of syllables (final position). Voiced and unvoiced


    A------------------------------------------------------------th

     

    E------------------------------------------------------------th

     

    I-------------------------------------------------------------th

     

    O------------------------------------------------------------th

     

    U------------------------------------------------------------th


    Practice producing words that end with the phoneme /th/. Voiced and unvoiced



    Practice producing the unvoiced and voiced /th/ in the middle of words.


    A--------------------------th-------------------------------A

     

    E--------------------------th--------------------------------E

     

    I---------------------------th--------------------------------I

     

    O--------------------------th--------------------------------O

     

    U--------------------------th--------------------------------U


    Practice producing words with the voiced and voiced /th/ in the middle of words.




    Practice creating sentences with the target words using /th/.

     

                        

                                                    How to Produce the /sh/ Sound

     

     1.    Elevate tongue tip toward the hard palate

     2.    Allow sides of tongue to touch the sides of the back teeth

     3.    Extend the lips slightly

     4.    Blow air over the tip of the tongue causing friction (noisy air)

     This is the “Quiet, the baby is sleeping” sound.

                                                                                           sh
     

     

    Syllable /sh/ Production

     

    Say the sound and add the vowel (initial position)

     sh------------------------------------------------------------A

     

     sh------------------------------------------------------------E

     

     sh------------------------------------------------------------I

     

     sh------------------------------------------------------------O

     

     sh------------------------------------------------------------U

     

     

    Practice producing words that begin with the phoneme /sh/.

     

     Shoe  shore  shop  show  short  she sheet

     

     Shine  should  shell  shake  shiver  sharp

     

     Practice producing the sound at the end of syllables (final position).

     

    A------------------------------------------------------------sh

     

    E------------------------------------------------------------sh

     

    I-------------------------------------------------------------sh

     

    O------------------------------------------------------------sh

     

    U------------------------------------------------------------sh

     

    Practice producing words that end with the phoneme /sh/.

     

    Fish  wash  finish  English  mash

     

    Smash  push  wish  cash  foolish

     

    Practice producing the phoneme /sh/ in the middle of words.

     

    A--------------------------sh-------------------------------A

     

    E--------------------------sh-------------------------------E

     

    I---------------------------sh-------------------------------I

     

    O--------------------------sh-------------------------------O

     

    U--------------------------sh-------------------------------U

     

    Practice producing words with the phoneme /sh/ in the middle of words.

     

    Dishes  Washington  machine  nation  special

     

    Ocean  fishing attention  ashes  addition  delicious

     

    Practice creating sentences with the target words.

     

     

                                               How to Produce the /ch/ Sound

     

      The /ch/ sound is produced by placing the tongue tp against the tickle spot (area behind top teeth).  Build up air and release it explosively as the tongue moves back.  It is almost as if you are saying /t/ and adding /sh/.

                 This sound is often referred to as the sneezing sound or compared to the sound of a train (choo-choo).

     
     
                                                                       ch
                                                                                                    ch  

     

                                                                               *Remember to drop tongue (/t/ to /sh/)

     

     Syllable /ch/ Production

     Say the sound and add the vowel (initial position)

    ch------------------------------------------------------------A

     

    ch-----------------------------------------------------------E

     

    ch------------------------------------------------------------I

     

    ch------------------------------------------------------------O

     

    ch------------------------------------------------------------U

     

     

    Practice producing words that begin with the phoneme /ch/.

                         Chair children chest charm chew chip cheer chop chain chicken

     

    Practice producing the sound at the end of syllables (final position).

     

    A------------------------------------------------------------ch

     

    E------------------------------------------------------------ch

     

    I-------------------------------------------------------------ch

     

    O------------------------------------------------------------ch

     

    U------------------------------------------------------------ch

     

    Practice producing words that end with the phoneme /ch/.

                  Much catch sandwich speech itch hutch notch reach march touch

    Practice producing the phoneme /ch/ in the middle of words.

     

    A--------------------------ch-------------------------------A

     

    E--------------------------ch-------------------------------E

     

    I---------------------------ch-------------------------------I

     

    O--------------------------ch-------------------------------O

     

    U--------------------------ch-------------------------------U

     

    Practice producing words with the phoneme /ch/ in the middle of words.

                                         Teacher  kitchen  pitching  catcher  watcher  potato chip

                                                           Peaches  richer  patchwork

     Practice creating sentences with the target words.

     

                                                                             

                                            Games for Isolated Words


    1.  Any Board Game (The student must approximate the sound before he/she can move on the Board Game).
    2.  Concentration-use target words.
    3.  Create a Bingo Game with all the target words.
    4.  Rhyming Games (If you are working on /s/ in the initial position of words you may ask, “What rhymes with hat and starts with /s/?) 
    5.  Gold Fish with the target sound and words.


                                   Activities for Phrases and Sentences


    1.  Tongue Twisters
    2.  Board Games (Have the student create a sentence using the target word before moving on the board).
    3.  Concentration (If the student finds a pair he/she must use the word in a sentence).
    4.  Create sentences with Bingo words
    5.  Tell a story and allow the child to complete the story with a sentence using the target word.
    6.  Read a poem or a story together out loud.